DIABETES IN SAUDI ARABIA.
third draft with yet more precious advice worth $17.2 billion!
As I was driving I heard a report on NPR's Marketplace about the construction of a huge medical complex in Saudi Arabia, commensurate with the inflow of tremendous amounts of oil money into the Kingdom. One person involved in the project told the reporter that one in four among the Saudis is diabetic or pre-diabetic. (I’m nearly certain he was referring to Type II diabetes.) I’d read similar reports in the past. Since the Arabs, including the Saudis, descend from the Bedu (Bedouins) I decided to reach back to the time when capital hadn’t yet fully taken over the region. Certainly before the waves of dollar gluts had penetrated each and every corner of the world, including the Arab.
I secured three books, one to read and to re-read two. The idea was to peruse through these books while focusing on food and way of life before dollar gluts (and soon: Euro glut) and unlimited wealth.
I went through the following books:
1) Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands. (1983 edition.)
2) Michael Wolfe, ed. One Thousand Roads to Mecca. (1997)
3) Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah & Meccah.(1964 edition.)
Thesiger’s account is by far the most helpful. Why? In good part because his adventure (1945 to 1950) wasn’t tied to finding out about religion, limiting himself to caravans and cities. He meant to cross the Empty Quarter, and did it twice with the help of the Bedu: “The Bedu are the nomadic camel-breeding tribes of the Arabian desert.”[Thesiger, 12]. Survival mattered the most, not only in defending oneself against various hostile tribes. It was, too, about food and water in the desert. Thesiger studied the Bedu, the very forebears of the Arabs.
IS SEDENTARY LIFE WITH HIGH CALORIC INTAKE THE SURE ROAD TO DIABETES FOR THE ARABS/BEDU?
Dearth of resources and the roaming life (in search of grazing for the camels and the goats or for raiding), both of which typified the Bedu way of life, seem to be one antidote to Type II diabetes. After all, Thesiger, quite thorough, hadn’t noticed anything that smacked of Type II diabetes in his years with the Bedu. (He did notice at least three mental health conditions [108-109, 112-113, 191] , and two physical illnesses [189, 192-193] all of which remained unexplained. He, too, using his own medication, treated one eye condition and at least one case of constipation. His cure-all, by default, was cognac.)
About way of life: “For a while I had lived with the Bedu a hard and merciless life, during which I was always hungry and usually thirsty. My companions had been accustomed to this life since birth, but I had been racked by the weariness of long marches through wind-whipped dunes . .” [17]
Can you see the physical exhaustion and the lower caloric intake? How about the low overall hydration -- runs against our common wisdom.
IS VIGILANCE AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
“There was always the fear of raiding parties to keep us alert and tense, even when we were dazed by lack of sleep. “ [Thesiger, 17] This fear wasn’t chimerical: Throughout Thesiger’s book we hear stories about raids by one tribe against another, and resulting murder. So many in the know thought Thesiger had been extremely lucky. Many tribes could’ve killed him because he was “the Christian.” And tribes could’ve murdered his companions for sheltering “the Christian.” Some of these tribes, which grazing territory the Thesiger group crossed, held deep animosity towards the Rashid who made up most of his traveling party. Thesiger did retain the services of a rabia now and then, a tribesman who could provide cover for them among tribes with whom the rabia’s tribe had peaceful relations. But the employment of a rabia didn’t really change things much: the life of Thesiger and his party had remained in the balance for as long as they had been traveling in the desert.
Can it be that vigilance is an antidote to Type II diabetes? Do some of us chose employment which requires vigilance as a way of warding off the sedentary life and its diseases? Does this mean that those of us who do–does it mean that they “enjoy” vigilance? “[...] I knew instinctively that it was the very hardness of life in the desert which drew me back there.” [Thesiger, 18]
IS FREEDOM FROM POSSESSIONS AND DESIRE AN ANTIDOTE TO DIABETES?
Buddhists need not read on. They’re there already. But to non-Buddhists:
“In the desert I have found a freedom unattainable in civilization: a life unhampered by possessions, since everything that was not a necessity was an encumbrance [...] I had learnt the satisfaction which comes from hardship and the pleasure which derives from abstinence [...]” [Thesiger, 37]
That’s not to say that Thesiger wasn’t tempted by the flesh. He seemed to have fallen in love at first sight with a Saar woman [description at 206] , and his book includes a photo of her. Dazzling beauty and clothing and hairstyle that would put modern-day designers to shame. His Bedu companions could see that their Christian friend and employer was smitten and later teased him about it. But the desert’s call proved stronger than the call of romance and fleeting excitement.
IS LIFE IN A SOCIETY THAT PRIZES EQUALITY AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
The Bedu are by nature and circumstance equality-prone: “Valuing freedom far above ease or comfort, careless of suffering, taking indeed a fierce pride in the hardship of their lives [...]” [Thesiger, 93]
Hear this illustrative story:
“I remembered asking some Rashid, who had visited Riyadh, how they had addressed the king of Saudi Arabia, and they answered in surprise, ‘We called him Abd al Aziz, how else would we call him except by his name?’ And when I said, ‘I thought you might call him Your Majesty’, they answered, ‘We are Bedu. We have no king but God.” [ Thesiger, 93]
IS CAMEL MILK AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
(Note: Cow milk and its products -- cheese, labneh -- from what I know, likely are poison to Arabs. Avoid them at all cost. )
Note this illustrative conversation:
“I said: ‘Take, for instance, these Bait Musan [...], how long will they be able to stay here without water?’
“Al Auf answered: ‘It depends on how good the grazing is. On good grazing they could remain here from the late autumn until the spring. Of course, when the weather gets hot they will have to move back to within reach of the wells.’
“‘So they may be here for six or seven months without any water? What do they eat?’
“‘Camel’s milk is their food and drink. As long as there is plenty of milk the Bedu want nothing more.’
“‘Don’t their camels ever get thirsty?’
“[...] ‘If you looosed a camel that was dying of thirst on fresh green grazing, not only would she recover from her thirst but she would be fat within two months...”
[Thesiger, 128-129]
Water in the desert was so brackish that it needed the addition of camel milk to make it palatable:
“...Bait Imani had brought us bowls of [camel] milk which Al Auf poured into a small goatskin. He said we would mix a little every day with our driking water and that this would improve its taste, a custom which enables Arabs who live in the Sands to drink from wells which would otherwise be undrinkable.” [Thesiger, 137.]
Another illustration:
Al Auf: “Sometimes we are camped on wells which are so bitter that we can only drink the water mixed with [camel] milk. We water the camels and cannot drink the water ourselves.” [Thesiger, 129.]
Yet another:
“I had bought a goat for dinner, and we fed well, with boiled rice and rich savoury soup. Then Musallim brewed coffee, and Sultan produced a bowl of frothing camel’s milk, warm from the udder...” [Thesiger, 79.]
That camel milk was an essential part of the Bedu diet is confirmed by the account of his pilgrimage in the year 1050 (nearly nine hundred years before Thesiger’s account) to Mecca by the Persian Naser-e Khorsaw:
“Among one tribe, some seventy-year-old men told me that in their whole lives they had drunk nothing but camel’s milk, since in the desert there is nothing but bitter scrub eaten by the camel. They actually imagined that the whole world was like this.” [Wolfe, 25.]
To confirm yet again: The Arabs of the desert have perceived a diet made up solely of camel milk as a cure-all for diseases which likely were associated with urbanization and too-diversified a diet. Here’s a ca. 1852 account:
“[The Arabs of the desert] have ... one great advantage... As the children of almost all the respetable citizens are brought up in the Desert, the camp becomes to them a native village. In cases of severe wounds or chronic diseases, the patient is ordered off to the Black Tents, where he lives as a Badawi [i.e., Bedu], drinking camels’ milk ... and doing nothing. This has been the practice from time immemorial in Arabia...” [Burton, 390.)
IS FREEDOM FROM MONEY AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
“Bedu love money; even to handle it seems to give them a thrill. They talk of it incessantly. They will discuss the price of a headcloth or a cartridge belt intermittently for days. To pass the time on the march a man will put up his camel for sale, and the others, although they know that he has no intention of selling her, enter into the spirit of the game and bargain noisily for hours.” [Thesiger, 95-96]
Can you see it?
It’s only the love of a lot of money, not the actual possession of that fortune. You possess it and the group will know you skimmed it from an unnecessary arms deal or by sinking your small second country into debt so that you can fatten your sleazeball ass.
ARE COFFEE AND TEA (AND DATES) ANTIDOTES TO TYPE II DIABETES?
I can’t begin to count the times that the Bedu sit down , brew, and drink coffee and tea, and eat dates. No group I know prizes more these three staples. It could be the caffeine. Too, it could be the closeness these drinks bring about. For the Bedu sit in a circle when brewing and drinking coffee and tea. Thesiger’s is replete with lines about coffee and tea being brewed. If I had the time I’d count the times. (I may do it in a later draft.)
That coffee is an old drink in the Arabian desert is confirmed by one account by the enslaved English Joseph Pitts, ca. 1685:
“As soon as our tents were pitched, my business was to make a little fire and get a pot of coffee.” [Wolfe, 122]
IS FREEDOM FROM VITAMINS, BUT NOT SUNLIGHT (VITAMIN D), AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
Thesiger: “This, about three pounds of flour, was our ration for the day and I reflected that there must be very few calories or vitamins in our diet. Yet no scratch festered or turned septic during the years I lived in the desert.” [Thesiger, 139]
Thesiger may have forgotten that occasionally they did drink camel milk and that, though clothed, they nonetheless were outdoors nearly all of the time, collecting and storing Vitamin D.
IS CLOSENESS TO THE GOD OF ENDURANCE AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
Now we all know that God takes on many colors, especially when used in politics.
God spoke to George W. Bush and, as a result, five million Iraqi children lost their parent.
God spoke to right wing Jews, and an entire country that happened to be Arab has been devastated and dismantled so that their Israel would remain dominant and gobble up other people’s lands.
God speaks daily to Pat Robertson so that many of his followers, on the verge of abject insecurity and some with serious diseases , deal with life without health insurance or by paying what they can’t afford for that insurance, when they have it.
These groups and personalities use their God to invade a country that never meant our country any harm, using Israel-anchored dubious and mediocre theories. They spend trillions of dollars in defense of these theories and against a defenseless country. They spend the trillions not for basic and direly needed public policy projects at home, project which (unfortunately for the American struggling middle class now coming up against a recession) could not be justified for the defense of Israel. Not realizing that strength on the domestic front is the best strength of all.
But the God of the Bedu is different, more basic. It’s the God of Endurance:
“I also knew that Al Auf had used no figure of speech when he said that God was his companion. To these Bedu, God is a reality, and the conviction of his presence gives them the courage to endure...I have heard townsmen and villagers in the Hadhramut and the Hajaz disparage the Bedu, as being without religion. When I have protested, they have said ‘Even if they pray, their prayers are not acceptable to God, since they do not first perform the proper ablutions.’ ” [Thesiger, 141-142.]
The omnipresence of the God of Endurance can be a reflection of the tightness of the social consensus among the Bedu. If I remember my social science half decently, sociologists have known that the tighter the social consensus, the stronger the religion. And what tighter consensus could there have been but among the Bedu who relied for their very survival in the desert on a strict ethical code, requiring them among other things, to care for a traveler in trouble – albeit for a maximum of three days only.
Gossip, I suspect, has a lot to do with enforcing the ethical code:
“ Given a chance the Bedu will gossip for hours [...] and nothing is too trivial for them to recount. There is no reticence in the desert. If a man distinguishes himself he knows that his fame will be widespread; if he disgraces himself he knows that the story of his shame will inevitably be heard in every encampment. It is this fear of public opinion which enforces at all times the rigid conventions of the desert. The consciousness that they are always before and audience makes many of their actions theatrical. Glubb once told me of a Bedu Sheikh who was known as the ‘Host of the Wolves’, because whenever he heard a wolf howl round his tent he ordered his son to take a goat out in the desert, saying he would have no one call on him for dinner in vain.” [Thesiger, 170]
BAKING BREAD: IS WHEAT (WHOLE?) AN ANTIDOTE TO TYPE II DIABETES?
Reading Thesiger one is left unclear about whether wheat was an essential Bedu staple. Thesiger stocked up on wheat, rice, sugar, dried shark meat, and what have you for his crossings of the Empty Quarter. But had wheat been a common staple earlier in the life of the Bedu -- say, 3000 years ago? Did they trade camel and goat milk for wheat from the cities?
“When we had enough water he would cook rice, but generally he made bread for our evening meal. [...] Musallim would rake some embers out of the fire to make a glowing bed, and then drop the cakes of dough on to it. [...] scooping a hollow in the sand under the embers, would bury them and spread the hot sand and embers over them. [...] we would sit in a circle and, in turn, dip pieces of this bread into a small bowl containing melted butter [ most often from camel milk and less often goat milk], or soup if we happened to have anything from which to make it [Thesiger, 61-62].
That wheat may have been around in the Arabian Peninsula, so close to the Bedu’s roaming grounds, can be seen un the fact that it was grown on that peninsula when Thesiger was there, likely earlier. Still we don’t know for how long and how common a staple it had been for the Bedu:
“On our way to the village ...we passed fields of wheat and lucerne, watered from trip-buckets.” [Thesiger, 238.]
IS EATING MEAT A SAFE BET WHEN IT COMES TO WARDING OFF TYPE II DIABETES?
This heading shows my bias as a mostly-vegan person. (“Mostly” until I’m at Costco and they’re doling out free meat. But I've mostly shed this habit.)
“In the morning Bakhit pressed us to come to his tent, saying “I will give you fat and meat’, the conventional way of saying that he would kill a camel for us.” [Thesiger, 169.]
“Bedu yearn hungrily for fats ...” (Thesiger, 177.)
“Bin Kabina urged me to let him join us, saying that he was the best shot in the tribe and that he was as good a hunter as Musallim, so that if he was with us we would feed every day on meat, for there were many ibex and gazelle in the country ahead of us.” [Thesiger, 188]
[...]Sometimes Musallim shot a gazelle or an oryx, and only then did we feed well.[61-62.]
CONCLUSION
Hunger (lower caloric intake), and the tough way of life in the outdoors (Vitamin D) stand out as the hallmarks of the Bedu life. Camel milk is equal in importance. Likely, however, the three have to chime together to act as an antidote to Type II diabetes. Of all the food staples, it seemed that camel milk was the first and last resort -- and the oldest in use -- of the Bedu in dealing with the dearth of food and water. I’m unsure about wheat. Burton and the travelers in Wolfe’s book mention wheat often, but usually either outside of the Arabian Peninsula (e.g., Cairo) or inside, but in the cities of that peninsula (Medina and Mecca.) Sugar isn’t mentioned in the early accounts, so I suspect that it was a relatively recent addition to the diet. Meat is prized. And coffee, tea, and dates are a common staple and I suspect they're as old as their date of introduction.
Still, the fact that in the 19th century Burton would report that children who became ill were dispatched to “the black tents” and made to live exclusively on camel milk strikes me as an early version of the elimination diet. In this diet, camel milk is perceived as harmless, yet nutritious, while other foods are harmful and causing of disease. It could've been a myth. But, coupled with the “harsh life” of lower caloric intake and a physical life outdoors in Vitamin D heaven -- such, I suspect, may just be the most potent antidote to the plague of Type II diabetes in Saudi Arabia– -- and likely in the Arab World.
When children at a French boys school in Beirut, in the winter, if a sunny day, the Brothers wouldn't wait for the regular recess. They'd stop classes and take us out to play in the sun. What did these Christian Brothers know? Did they then know about Vitamin D and its importnace to health -- albeit in a country where people generally were exposed to the sun much more than in northern places?
Get out there into the desert, herd something for the longest you can endure, locate a Bedu and get your camel milk from her, show her cash, and pray to the God of Endurance that the milk she sells you is in fact from a Hazmiah (female camel.) That should help you avoid monstruous medical complexes where death, not life, happens.
